Near infrared fluorescent dyes, formulations and related methods

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH (LS301), cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acid residue is independently in a D or L configuration; a divalent metal ion; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further provided are lyophilized products comprising a dye-conjugate and m methods for identifying compromised and for binding phosphorylated annexin A2 (pANXA2) protein in a biological sample using a composition described herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of priority of United StatesProvisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/947,974 filed Dec. 13, 2019,and also claims the benefit of priority of United States ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/976,702 filed Feb. 14, 2020, thedisclosures of which are each incorporated by reference in theirentireties for all purposes.

GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under Award No. R01CA171651 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical formulations comprisingLS301 or LS838, fluorescent dye-cyclic polypeptide conjugates(dye-conjugates). The formulations herein are suitable for systemicdelivery, such as intravenous injection, topical application, and oralgavage.

BACKGROUND

Elevated chronic inflammatory milieu, metabolic aberrations, and geneticmutations drive cancer cells' dynamic adaptation toward their survival,proliferation, and metastasis. Accompanying alterations in cellularprocesses produce heterogeneous populations of cancer subtypes anddistorted stroma characterized by diverse cancer biomarkers. Progress incancer targeted therapies and imaging relies on effectively andselectively delivering molecules to overexpressed cell surface proteins.Yet, the evolving landscape of tumor survival mechanisms frustratesdeveloping molecularly targeted drugs and imaging agents for each cancertype.

One such cell surface protein is annexin A2 (ANXA2), a member of theannexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. ANXA2exhibits cancer-associated posttranslational modifications (PTMs). It isupregulated in many cancers, including breast, colon, liver, pancreatic,and brain tumors, suggesting a role in tumor proliferation,angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Phosphorylation of ANXA2 attyrosine 23 (pANXA2) modulates ANXA2 tetramer formation and is aprerequisite for its translocation to the plasma membrane. This PTMoccurs in response to growth factor signaling and promotes cancer cellmigration and invasion by activating cytoskeletal rearrangements andepithelial-mesenchymal transition.

pANXA2 is an inducible hallmark of diverse solid tumor microenvironmentsin small animal models and primary human cancer tissues, with itsexpression confined to tumor regions having elevated calcium levels.Cell surface-associated pANXA2 binds and stabilizes the plasminogenreceptor S100A10/p11, which associates with tissue plasminogen activator(tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin. The enhanced matrix invasionof tumor cells and migration of tumor-promoting macrophages into tumors.ANXA2 is highly activated (phosphorylated) irrespective of the solidtumor type. In human cancers, pANXA2 is expressed in subtypes of breastcancers, including Er+ and triple-negative cancers, but not in thehealthy breast tissue from the same cancer patients. Most ANXA2-baseddrug delivery strategies rely on the overexpression of ANXA2 in certaintumors. Still, non-tumor tissues also express sufficiently elevatedlevels to impair selectivity, leading to pre-imaging and tissue biopsyto determine the drugs' usefulness for treating specific tumors.

A variety of cancers are imaged by administering targeted near-infrared(NIR) fluorescence imaging probes. LS301 and LS838 are excellent NIRcancer imaging probes, especially, as disclosed herein, for theirspecificity toward pANXA2. The clinical formulation for a hydrophobicoptical probe should meet several conditions, including adequate andaccurate dosing, bioavailability, targeting efficacy, and appropriateabsorption and fluorescence characteristics. The long circulation timeof LS301 and LS838 delays the tumor uptake and clearance from non-tumortissue. The formulations described herein accelerate tumor uptake,allowing for quick clinical intervention within an hourpost-administration.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides stable, sustainable formulations ofLS301 and LS838 NIR imaging probes for various biological applications,including lyophilized product, IV injection, topical application, andoral gavage delivery, and doxorubicin conjugates of LS301 and LS838 fortargeted cancer treatment.

The present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprisingan effective amount of cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH(LS301), cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838), orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acidresidue is independently in a D or L configuration; a divalent metalion; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure provides a lyophilized product comprising adye-conjugate chosen fromcypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH (LS301),cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acidresidue is independently in a D or L configuration, and albumin, whereinthe dye-conjugate and the albumin are in a 1:50 (w/w) ratio.

The present disclosure also provides aa vial comprising about 102 mg ofthe lyophilized product disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further provides an injectable solutioncomprising about 102 mg of the lyophilized product disclosed herein andabout 10 mL of phosphate-buffered saline.

The present disclosure further provides a method for identifyingcompromised fibroblasts, comprising administering an effective amount ofany pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein to a subject in needthereof.

The present disclosure also provides a method of binding phosphorylatedannexin A2 (pANXA2) protein in a biological sample comprising contactingthe biological sample with any pharmaceutical composition disclosedherein.

The present disclosure providesdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and saltsthereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. In certainembodiments, cancer is treated in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering an effective amount ofdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and/orsalts thereof or a pharmaceutical composition of any onedoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and/orsalts thereof to the subject.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect of this disclosure, the accumulation rate, tissue uptakeselectivity, and amount of product retained in target tissue areimproved. The disclosure is based on the findings that formulating somedrugs and imaging agents in uptake excipients or the presence of ionicsolutions, such as an electrolyte, can improve the cellularinternalization and biodistribution of these products. A generalembodiment of this disclosure relates to the formulation of dyes,dye-like molecules, and cyclic or aromatic drugs with excipients such asalbumin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), cyclodextrin, and surfactants. Theenabling ionic species include cations and anions. Cations includemonovalent and multivalent cations such as Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu,Fe, and Zr. Anions can be monovalent or multivalent, includingchlorides, carbonates, nitrates, cyanines, and sulfonates. An embodimentincludes the formulation of LS301 in calcium or magnesium. Anotherembodiment is the formulation of LS301 in albumin or PEG ordimethylsulfoxide.

LS301 is a cyclic octapeptide labeled with a near-infrared dye whichexhibits selective and high-affinity calcium-dependent binding tophosphorylated annexin A2 (pANXA2) protein in diverse solid tumors.LS301 preferentially binds to the invasive edges of tumors, a processamplified by cancer cell-induced pANXA2 expression in tumor-associatedstromal cells. Further, it traffics within macrophages to the necroticcore of tumors. High levels of pANXA2 and calcium are present in mostsolid cancers' microenvironment, revealing a pathway to image andselectively deliver drugs to tumors.

In certain embodiments, the divalent metal ion is chosen from Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺, for example, Ca²⁺. In certain embodiments, the divalentmetal ion is present at a concentration between 1 mM and 10 mM, such as1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, or 10 mM. Incertain embodiments, the divalent metal ion is present at aconcentration of 5 mM.

In certain embodiments, the cypate is

In certain embodiments, at least one of the Cys amino acid residues isD-Cys.

In certain embodiments, the compound is LS301 and comprises thestructural formula

In certain embodiments, the compound is LS301 comprising the structuralformula

LS301 selectively hinds to pANXA2 over the non-activated ANXA2.Histopathology of tissue samples from mice administered with LS301 invivo showed that the compound accumulates in pANXA2-positive cancercells. Cancer cells induce pANXA2 expression in tumor-associatedfibroblasts and macrophages to stimulate LS301 accumulation in thesecells at the periphery and core. By detecting pANXA2-associated cells inthe tumor microenvironment, LS301 targets and delivers drugs to multipletypes of solid tumors. The preferential localization of LS301 at theproliferating edge and the inner core of solid tumors defines tumormargins, improves cancer resection accuracy during surgery, and treatscancer simultaneously from the periphery and interior core of the tumor.

Uptake of LS301 into the solid cancer cell lines for lung (A549), breast(MDA-MB-231 and 4T1), and myeloid leukemia (HL60) reached a maximumconcentration at 12 hours, which maintained over 24 hours. Cypate aloneexhibited only transient retention in these cell lines. Without wishingto be bound by theory, initially, LS301 binds to lipid rafts in thecellular plasma membrane, which endocytosed via a clathrin-dependentpathway after one hour of incubation. LS301 was then trafficked intoendosomes. After 5 hours, LS301 was primarily found in lysosomes,mitochondria, and peroxisomes.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprisesalbumin. The cypate dye moiety of LS301 reversibly binds to thehydrophobic pockets of albumin. Without wishing to be bound by theory,this albumin binding is likely not the primary cause of LS301 tumoruptake. Tumors did not retain cypate in vivo with or without formulationwith albumin. Rather, the albumin is a nitrogen source for growingtumors. In certain embodiments, the albumin is chosen from human serumalbumin, mouse serum albumin, and bovine serum albumin. In certainembodiments, the albumin is human serum albumin (HSA). In certainembodiments, the albumin is mouse serum albumin (MSA). In certainembodiments, the albumin is bovine serum albumin (BSA).

LS301 preferentially targets ANXA2 over ANXA1 and ANXA3. ANXA2calcium-dependently associates with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts at cellsurfaces. LS301 also localizes to these lipids rafts and binds calciumwith an apparent dissociation constant (K_(d)) of 5.67±2.40 nM asdetermined by microscale thermophoresis (MST). The apparent K_(d) forLS301 binding to pANXA2, ANXA2, and ANXA3 proteins was 0.075±0.002 nM;0.389±0.015 nM; and 6.128±0.280 nM, respectively via MST. LS301preferentially bound to lysates of insulin-stimulated, pANXA2-expressing4T1 cells with an apparent Kd of 0.017±0.004 nM.

NIR fluorescence microscopy showed that LS301 substantially colocalizedwith pANXA2 in LS301-treated A549 and 4T1 cells after 1-hour incubation.Cells expressing the wild-type ANXA2 had increased pANXA2 expression andcellular uptake of LS301 upon stimulation with insulin, while cellsexpressing mutant ANXA2 (Y23A) showed minimal LS301 uptake or pANXA2expression with insulin stimulation. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)protein binds to a site in the N-terminal domain of ANXA2 comprising theamino acid sequence LCKLSL. A synthetic LCKLSL peptide inhibited thebinding and internalization of LS301 in cells.

Adding LS301 to fibroblast co-cultured with ANXA2-positiveGFP-expressing 4T1 cells resulted in LS301 uptake by tumor cells andfibroblasts. By increasing the population of pANXA2-positive cells fortumor tissue, cancer cells amplify LS301 accumulation. Taken together,these results demonstrate that LS301 is selective for pANXA2, regardlessof the cell or cancer type.

LS301 selectively accumulated in a tumor from a breast cancerpatient-derived xenograft and remained in the lesion for over 96 hours.Control experiments with cypate alone or with a scrambled LS301 peptideanalog (Cypate-cyclo(Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) were notretained. In small tumors (<5 mm), LS301 coverage is about 100%. Inadvanced tumors, LS301 accumulated at the periphery as correlated topANXA2 and calcium expression. In capsular tumors such as breast cancer,LS301 intensely fluoresced in tumor cells and cancer-associatedfibroblasts. Identifying these compromised fibroblasts enables one todetect dormant cancer cells early and to help prevent subsequentrelapse.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises thecompound LS838. In certain embodiments, LS838 comprises the structuralformula

In certain embodiments, the compound is LS838 and comprises thestructural formula

LS838 detects cancerous lesions, such as pancreatic ductal adenosarcoma(PDAC) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (Pan1N) 2/3 lesions,with high accuracy. Uptake is mediated by the energy needs of thesemetabolically active cells. LS838 is then trapped intracellularly underthe highly reducing environment of these cells. In certain embodiments,applying LS838 to distinguish PDAC and to transform PanlN from chronicpancreatitis with high accuracy significantly progresses treatment forthese cancers.

LS838 enables NIR fluorescence to detect microscopic lesions not visiblewith prior clinical imaging techniques. LS838 fluoresces more brightlythan LS301, allowing smaller amounts of LS838 to achieve the same uptakekinetics as LS301.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the placement of the tyrosine inthe LS838 molecule is important for retaining LS838 in tumors. UnlikeLS301, LS838 can be radiolabeled at its tyrosine residue, enablingcombined intravital fluorescence microscopy and noninvasive imaging. Incertain embodiments, the radionuclide is chosen from, for example,fluorine-18, iodine-123, iodine-124, iodine-125, and iodine-131. Thisradiolabeling allows the imaging of cancer in the human bodynoninvasively using nuclear imaging methods. The fluorescence allowsoptical methods to guide tissue biopsy, surgery, and assessment ofsurgical margins.

Conjugation of chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin, to the freecarboxylic acid group of LS838, allows for the highly selectivetreatment of cancer, including PDAC, with minimal off-target effect onthe healthy cells. LS838 selectively remains in diverse tumors withoutsignificant loss of fluorescence over time. The high specificity ofLS838 for cancer cells in the presence of healthy white blood cellsallows the same agent to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) withoutadditional tagging or expensive antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriercomprises phosphate-buffered saline. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered topically,for example, to the subject's colon. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is administered orally. In certainembodiments, the effective amount is up to about 0.6 μmol/kg including0.1 μmol/kg, 0.2 μmol/kg, 0.3 μmol/kg, 0.4 μmol/kg, 0.5 μmol/kg or 0.6μmol/kg.

The present disclosure further provides a method for identifyingcompromised fibroblasts, comprising administering an effective amount ofthe pharmaceutical composition described herein to a subject in needthereof. In certain embodiments, the compromised fibroblasts areproximal to dormant cancer cells.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is chosen from acute lymphoblasticleukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-relatedcancers, AIDS-related lymphoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer,astrocytomas (childhood cerebellar or cerebral), basal cell carcinoma,bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brainstem glioma, braintumors (cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma,ependymoma, medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermaltumors, visual pathway and hypothalamic gliomas, breast cancer,bronchial adenomas/carcinoids, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumors(childhood, gastrointestinal), carcinoma of unknown primary, centralnervous system lymphoma (primary), cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebralastrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers,chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,desmoplastic small round cell tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma,esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma in the Ewing family of tumors,extracranial germ cell tumor (childhood), extragonadal germ cell tumor,extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancers (intraocular melanoma,retinoblastoma), gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer,gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, germcell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal, ovarian), gestationaltrophoblastic tumor, gliomas (adult, childhood brain stem, childhoodcerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic),gastric carcinoid, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer,hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer,hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma (childhood), intraocularmelanoma, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer (renalcell cancer), laryngeal cancer, leukemias (acute lymphoblastic, acutemyeloid, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, hairy cell), lip andoral cavity cancer, liver cancer (primary), lung cancers (non-smallcell, small cell), lymphomas (AIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell,Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, primary central nervous system), macroglobulinemia(Waldenström), malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma,medulloblastoma (childhood), melanoma, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, mesotheliomas (adult malignant, childhood), metastaticsquamous neck cancer with occult primary, mouth cancer, multipleendocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood), multiple myeloma/plasma cellneoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes,myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia(chronic), myeloid leukemias (adult acute, childhood acute), multiplemyeloma, myeloproliferative disorders (chronic), nasal cavity andparanasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer,oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma ofbone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer (surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor), ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer (isletcell), paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer,penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal astrocytoma,pineal germinoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood), pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasia, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (kidneycancer), renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood), salivary gland cancer,sarcoma (Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, uterine), Sézarysyndrome, skin cancers (nonmelanoma, melanoma), skin carcinoma (Merkelcell), small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissuesarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occultprimary (metastatic), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood), T-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous),testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma (childhood), thymoma andthymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer (childhood),transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastictumor (gestational), unknown primary site (adult, childhood), ureter andrenal pelvis transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer(endometrial), uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway andhypothalamic glioma (childhood), vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumor (childhood).

In some embodiments, the cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In someembodiments, the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia. In some embodiments,the cancer is adrenocortical carcinoma. In some embodiments, the canceris AIDS-related cancer, such as AIDS-related lymphoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is anal cancer. In some embodiments, the canceris appendix cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is astrocytomas(childhood cerebellar or cerebral). In some embodiments, the cancer isbasal cell carcinoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is bile ductcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is bladder cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is bone cancer. In some embodiments, the canceris brainstem glioma. In some embodiments, the cancer is brain tumors,such as cerebellar astrocytoma. In some embodiments, the cancer iscerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma. In some embodiments, the canceris ependymoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is medulloblastoma. Insome embodiments, the cancer is supratentorial primitive neuroectodermaltumors. In some embodiments, the cancer is a visual pathway andhypothalamic gliomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer.In some embodiments, the cancer is bronchial adenomas/carcinoids. Insome embodiments, the cancer is Burkitt lymphoma. In some embodiments,the cancer is carcinoid tumors (childhood, gastrointestinal). In someembodiments, the cancer is carcinoma of an unknown primary. In someembodiments, the cancer is central nervous system lymphoma (primary). Insome embodiments, the cancer is cerebellar astrocytoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma. Insome embodiments, the cancer is cervical cancer. In some embodiments,the cancer is childhood cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer ischronic lymphocytic leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is chronicmyelogenous leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is a chronicmyeloproliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the cancer is coloncancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Insome embodiments, the cancer is a desmoplastic small round cell tumor.In some embodiments, the cancer is endometrial cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is ependymoma. In some embodiments, the canceris esophageal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is Ewing's sarcomain the Ewing family of tumors. In some embodiments, the cancer is anextracranial germ cell tumor (childhood). In some embodiments, thecancer is an extragonadal germ cell tumor. In some embodiments, thecancer is extrahepatic bile duct cancer. In some embodiments, the canceris eye cancer, such as intraocular melanoma retinoblastoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is gallbladder cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is gastric (stomach) cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is agastrointestinal carcinoid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is agastrointestinal stromal tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is germcell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal, ovarian). In someembodiments, the cancer is a gestational trophoblastic tumor. In someembodiments, the cancer is gliomas (adult, childhood brain stem.childhood cerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway, andhypothalamic). In some embodiments, the cancer is gastric carcinoid. Insome embodiments, the cancer is hairy cell leukemia. In someembodiments, the cancer is head and neck cancer. In some embodiments,the cancer is hepatocellular (liver) cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is Hodgkin lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer ishypopharyngeal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is hypothalamicand visual pathway glioma (childhood). In some embodiments, the canceris intraocular melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is islet cellcarcinoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is Kaposi sarcoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is kidney cancer (renal cell cancer). In someembodiments, the cancer is laryngeal cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is leukemia, such as acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, chroniclymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, or hairy cell. In some embodiments,the cancer is a lip and oral cavity cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is liver cancer (primary). In some embodiments, the cancer islung cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lungcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is lymphoma, such asAIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell, Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, andprimary central nervous system. In some embodiments, the cancer ismacroglobulinemia (Waldenström). In some embodiments, the cancer ismalignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is medulloblastoma (childhood). In someembodiments, the cancer is melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer isintraocular melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is Merkel cellcarcinoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is mesotheliomas, such asadult malignant and childhood. In some embodiments, the cancer ismetastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary. In someembodiments, the cancer is mouth cancer. In some embodiments, the canceris multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood). In someembodiments, the cancer is multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm. Insome embodiments, the cancer is mycosis fungoides. In some embodiments,the cancer is myelodysplastic syndromes. In some embodiments, the canceris a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease. In some embodiments,the cancer is myelogenous leukemia (chronic). In some embodiments, thecancer is myeloid leukemias, such as adult acute and childhood acute. Insome embodiments, the cancer is multiple myeloma. In some embodiments,the cancer is myeloproliferative disorders (chronic). In someembodiments, the cancer is a nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. Insome embodiments, the cancer is nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is neuroblastoma. In some embodiments, thecancer is non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer isnon-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is oralcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is oropharyngeal cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytomaof bone. In some embodiments, the cancer is ovarian cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is ovarian epithelial cancer, such as a surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is an ovariangerm cell tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is an ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreaticcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer (isletcell). In some embodiments, the cancer is paranasal sinus and nasalcavity cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is parathyroid cancer. Insome embodiments, the cancer is penile cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is pharyngeal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer ispheochromocytoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is pineal astrocytoma.In some embodiments, the cancer is pineal germinoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood). In some embodiments, the cancer is apituitary adenoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is plasma cellneoplasia. In some embodiments, the cancer is pleuropulmonary blastoma.In some embodiments, the cancer is a primary central nervous systemlymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is prostate cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is rectal cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer). In some embodiments, thecancer is renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer is retinoblastoma. In some embodiments, thecancer is rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood). In some embodiments, the canceris salivary gland cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is sarcoma,such as the Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, and uterine. Insome embodiments, the cancer is Sézary syndrome. In some embodiments,the cancer is skin cancers, such as nonmelanoma and melanoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is skin carcinoma (Merkel cell). In someembodiments, the cancer is small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments,the cancer is small intestine cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer issoft tissue sarcoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is squamous cellcarcinoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is squamous neck cancer withoccult primary (metastatic). In some embodiments, the cancer is stomachcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood). In some embodiments, the cancer isT-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous). In some embodiments, the cancer istesticular cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is throat cancer. Insome embodiments, the cancer is thymoma (childhood). In someembodiments, the cancer is thymoma and thymic carcinoma. In someembodiments, the cancer is thyroid cancer. In some embodiments, thecancer is thyroid cancer (childhood). In some embodiments, the cancer istransitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. In someembodiments, the cancer is a trophoblastic tumor (gestational). In someembodiments, the cancer is an unknown primary site, such as adult andchildhood. In some embodiments, the cancer is ureter and renal pelvistransitional cell cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is urethralcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is uterine cancer (endometrial).In some embodiments, the cancer is uterine sarcoma. In some embodiments,the cancer is vaginal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is avisual pathway and hypothalamic glioma (childhood). In some embodiments,the cancer is vulvar cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer isWaldenström macroglobulinemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is Wilmstumor (childhood).

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredintravenously. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isadministered topically, for example, to the subject's colon. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally. Incertain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredanally.

The present disclosure provides a method of binding phosphorylatedannexin A2 (pANXA2) protein in a biological sample comprising contactingthe biological sample with a pharmaceutical composition disclosedherein. In certain embodiments, the binding is selective over annexin A1(ANXA1), non-activated ANXA2, and annexin A3 (ANXA3). In certainembodiments, tumor margins of cancer are defined. In certainembodiments, the accuracy of cancer resection is improved duringsurgery. In certain embodiments, cancer is treated simultaneously fromthe periphery and interior core of a tumor.

The present disclosure also providesdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and saltsthereof. In certain embodiments, the cypate is

In certain embodiments, at least one of the Cys amino acid residues isD-Cys.

In certain embodiments, the compound has the structural formula

The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an effective amount ofdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprisesa divalent metal ion, such as one chosen from Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺. Incertain embodiments, the divalent metal ion is Ca²⁺. In certainembodiments, the divalent metal ion is present at a concentrationbetween 1 mM and 10 mM, such as 5 mM.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprisesalbumin, such as albumin chosen from human serum albumin, mouse serumalbumin, and bovine serum albumin. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises phosphate-buffered saline.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredintravenously. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isadministered topically, for example, to the subject's colon. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally. Incertain embodiments, the effective amount up to about 0.6 μmol/kgincluding 0.1 μmol/kg, 0.2 μmol/kg, 0.3 μmol/kg, 0.4 μmol/kg, 0.5μmol/kg or 0.6 μmol/kg.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer in asubject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount ofdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and saltsthereof, or a pharmaceutical composition ofdoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) and/orsalts thereof to the subject. Unlike free doxorubicin, the conjugatewith LS301 does not accumulate in the heart, thus avoiding dose-limitingtoxicity. This same effect is expected for the doxorubicin conjugatewith LS838.

The present disclosure provides a lyophilized product comprising adye-conjugate chosen fromcypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH (LS301),cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838), orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acidresidue is independently in a D or L configuration, and albumin. Incertain embodiments, the dye-conjugate and the albumin are in a 1:50(w/w) ratio. In certain embodiments, the albumin is chosen from humanserum albumin, mouse serum albumin, and bovine serum albumin.

In certain embodiments, the lyophilized product may be formed by amethod comprising suspending the dye-conjugate in 1% albumin solution ata ratio of 1 gram of dye-conjugate per 10 liters of the albuminsolution, mixing the suspension, filtering the mixed suspension, andlyophilizing the filtered suspension to form the lyophilized product. Incertain embodiments, the suspension is mixed on a shaker of at leastabout 30 minutes. In certain embodiments, the concentration of thedye-conjugate and albumin in the suspension is measured via absorbance.

The present disclosure further provides a vial comprising about 102 mgof the lyophilized product described herein. In certain embodiments, aninjectable solution comprises about 102 mg of the lyophilized product ofany one of claims 20 to 24 and about 10 mL of phosphate-buffered saline.In certain embodiments, the injectable solution comprises about 0.2mg/mL dye-conjugate.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an injectablesolution. The method comprises mixing about 10 mL of phosphate-bufferedsaline into a vial comprising about 102 mg of the lyophilized productdescribed herein to form an injectable solution comprising about 0.2mg/mL dye-conjugate.

Embodiments

Provided herein are the following specific embodiments:

Embodiment 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effectiveamount of cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH (LS301),cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acidresidue is independently in a D or L configuration; a divalent metalion; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Embodiment 2. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 1, whereinthe divalent metal ion is chosen from Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺.

Embodiment 3. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 2, whereinthe divalent metal ion is Ca²⁺.

Embodiment 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, wherein the divalent metal ion is present at a concentrationbetween 1 mM and 10 mM.

Embodiment 5. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 4, whereinthe divalent metal ion is present at a concentration of 5 mM.

Embodiment 6. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, wherein the cypate is

Embodiment 7. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, wherein at least one of the Cys amino acid residues isD-Cys.

Embodiment 8. The pharmaceutical composition to Embodiment 1, whereinthe compound is LS301 comprising the structural formula

Embodiment 9. The pharmaceutical composition to Embodiment 8, whereinthe compound is LS301 comprising the structural formula

Embodiment 10. The pharmaceutical composition to Embodiment 1, whereinthe compound is LS838 comprising the structural formula

Embodiment 11. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 9, whereinthe compound is LS838 comprising the structural formula

Embodiment 12. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, further comprising albumin.

Embodiment 13. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 12, whereinthe albumin is chosen from human serum albumin, mouse serum albumin, andbovine serum albumin.

Embodiment 14. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprisesphosphate-buffered saline.

Embodiment 15. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment formulated for intravenous administration.

Embodiment 16. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments1-14 formulated for topical administration.

Embodiment 17. The pharmaceutical composition of any precedingEmbodiment, wherein the effective amount is 0.2 μmol/kg.

Embodiment 18. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments1-16, wherein the effective amount is 0.4 μmol/kg.

Embodiment 19. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments1-16, wherein the effective amount is 0.6 μmol/kg.

Embodiment 20. A method for identifying compromised fibroblasts,comprising administering an effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of any preceding Embodiment to a subject in need thereof.

Embodiment 21. The method of Embodiment 20, wherein the compromisedfibroblasts are proximal to dormant cancer cells.

Embodiment 22. The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the dormant cancercells are chosen from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloidleukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-relatedlymphoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytomas (childhoodcerebellar or cerebral), basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladdercancer, bone cancer, brainstem glioma, brain tumors (cerebellarastrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, ependymoma,medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, visualpathway and hypothalamic gliomas, breast cancer, bronchialadenomas/carcinoids, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumors (childhood,gastrointestinal), carcinoma of unknown primary, central nervous systemlymphoma (primary), cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebralastrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers,chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,desmoplastic small round cell tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma,esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma in the Ewing family of tumors,extracranial germ cell tumor (childhood), extragonadal germ cell tumor,extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancers (intraocular melanoma,retinoblastoma), gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer,gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, germcell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal, ovarian), gestationaltrophoblastic tumor, gliomas (adult, childhood brain stem, childhoodcerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic),gastric carcinoid, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer,hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer,hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma (childhood), intraocularmelanoma, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer (renalcell cancer), laryngeal cancer, leukemias (acute lymphoblastic, acutemyeloid, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, hairy cell), lip andoral cavity cancer, liver cancer (primary), lung cancers (non-smallcell, small cell), lymphomas (AIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell,Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, primary central nervous system), macroglobulinemia(Waldenström), malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma,medulloblastoma (childhood), melanoma, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, mesotheliomas (adult malignant, childhood), metastaticsquamous neck cancer with occult primary, mouth cancer, multipleendocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood), multiple myeloma/plasma cellneoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes,myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia(chronic), myeloid leukemias (adult acute, childhood acute), multiplemyeloma, myeloproliferative disorders (chronic), nasal cavity andparanasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer,oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma ofbone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer (surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor), ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer (isletcell), paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer,penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal astrocytoma,pineal germinoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood), pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasia, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (kidneycancer), renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood), salivary gland cancer,sarcoma (Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, uterine), Sézarysyndrome, skin cancers (nonmelanoma, melanoma), skin carcinoma (Merkelcell), small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissuesarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occultprimary (metastatic), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood), T-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous),testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma (childhood), thymoma andthymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer (childhood),transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastictumor (gestational), unknown primary site (adult, childhood), ureter andrenal pelvis transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer(endometrial), uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway andhypothalamic glioma (childhood), vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumor (childhood).

Embodiment 23. The method of Embodiment 22, wherein the dormant cancercells are pancreatic cancer.

Embodiment 24. The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered intravenously.

Embodiment 25. The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered topically.

Embodiment 26. The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the topicaladministration is to the subject's colon.

Embodiment 27. A method of binding phosphorylated annexin A2 (pANXA2)protein in a biological sample comprising contacting the biologicalsample with a pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments 1-19.

Embodiment 28. The method of Embodiment 27, wherein the binding isselective over annexin Al (ANXA1), non-activated ANXA2, and annexin A3(ANXA3).

Embodiment 29. The method of Embodiment 27, wherein tumor margins ofcancer are defined.

Embodiment 30. The method of Embodiment 27, wherein the accuracy ofcancer resection is improved during surgery.

Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 27, wherein cancer is treatedsimultaneously from the periphery and interior core of a tumor.

Embodiment 32. The method of any one of Embodiments 29-31, wherein thecancer is chosen from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloidleukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-relatedlymphoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytomas (childhoodcerebellar or cerebral), basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladdercancer, bone cancer, brainstem glioma, brain tumors (cerebellarastrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, ependymoma,medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, visualpathway and hypothalamic gliomas, breast cancer, bronchialadenomas/carcinoids, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumors (childhood,gastrointestinal), carcinoma of unknown primary, central nervous systemlymphoma (primary), cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebralastrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers,chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,desmoplastic small round cell tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma,esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma in the Ewing family of tumors,extracranial germ cell tumor (childhood), extragonadal germ cell tumor,extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancers (intraocular melanoma,retinoblastoma), gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer,gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, germcell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal, ovarian), gestationaltrophoblastic tumor, gliomas (adult, childhood brain stem, childhoodcerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic),gastric carcinoid, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer,hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer,hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma (childhood), intraocularmelanoma, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer (renalcell cancer), laryngeal cancer, leukemias (acute lymphoblastic, acutemyeloid, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, hairy cell), lip andoral cavity cancer, liver cancer (primary), lung cancers (non-smallcell, small cell), lymphomas (AIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell,Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, primary central nervous system), macroglobulinemia(Waldenström), malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma,medulloblastoma (childhood), melanoma, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, mesotheliomas (adult malignant, childhood), metastaticsquamous neck cancer with occult primary, mouth cancer, multipleendocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood), multiple myeloma/plasma cellneoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes,myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia(chronic), myeloid leukemias (adult acute, childhood acute), multiplemyeloma, myeloproliferative disorders (chronic), nasal cavity andparanasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer,oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma ofbone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer (surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor), ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer (isletcell), paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer,penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal astrocytoma,pineal germinoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood), pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasia, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (kidneycancer), renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood), salivary gland cancer,sarcoma (Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, uterine), Sézarysyndrome, skin cancers (nonmelanoma, melanoma), skin carcinoma (Merkelcell), small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissuesarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occultprimary (metastatic), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood), T-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous),testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma (childhood), thymoma andthymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer (childhood),transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastictumor (gestational), unknown primary site (adult, childhood), ureter andrenal pelvis transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer(endometrial), uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway andhypothalamic glioma (childhood), vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumor (childhood).

EXAMPLES General Methods

Chemicals. All the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids, Wangresin Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-Wang resin, and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Wang Resin werepurchased from AAPPTec (Louisville, Ky., USA). Dichloromethane (DCM),acetic acid, acetic anhydride, thioanisole, phenol, hydroxybenzotriazole(HOBt), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), N-trityl-1,2-ethanediamine,phenol, thioanisol, dimethylformamide (DMF),N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), iodine,methyl text-butyl ether (MTBE) andO-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexalluorophosphate (HATU) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,Mo., USA). Water was obtained from a Millipore Q3 system. Lysotracker,BODIPY TR Ceramide, CellLight Peroxisome-GFP, BacMam 2.0, and Fluor-4calcium probe were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham,Mass.). Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, filipin complex, and amiloridehydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Mo., USA).Reagents for organelle staining included VectaCell Rhodamine 123 (VectorLaboratories, Burlingame, Calif., USA).

Recombinant proteins and antibodies. Recombinant annexin A2, annexin A2with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag, annexin A1, and annexin A3proteins were purchased from MyBioSource, Inc. (San Diego, Calif., USA).Purified ANXA2 protein and purified pANXA2 protein were gifts from Dr.Gabriel Bimme (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass.).Rabbit monoclonal anti-annexin A2 antibody (D11G2, #8235), Rabbitmonoclonal anti-Rab5 (C8B1, #3547), and rabbit monoclonal anti-Rab7(D95F2, #9367) primary antibodies were purchased from Cell SignalingTechnology, Inc. (Danvers, Mass., USA). Mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin2A3 (sc-517582), mouse monoclonal anti-pANXA2 antibody (11.Tyr 24)(sc-135752), rabbit polyclonal anti-NOS2 (C-19, sc-649), rabbitpolyclonal anti-ARG1 (H-52, se-20150) antibodies, and protein A/Gagarose were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas,Tex., USA). Rabbit polyclonal anti-pANXA2 (phosphor-Tyr24) antibody waspurchased from Signalway Antibody (College Park, Md., USA). Rabbitpolyclonal anti-LS301 antibody was generated by Antibody ResearchCorporation (St. Charles, Mo., USA) via immunization of New Zealandrabbits with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-conjugated LS301 followedby antigen affinity purification of rabbit immunoglobulins from blood;antibody titer was tested by ELISA. Tyr24-phosphorylated ANXA2 protein(pANXA2) was generated via in vitro phosphorylation by overnightincubation of recombinant ANXA2 protein with recombinant ephrin B1(kinase) and ATP in a buffer. The Vybrant Alexa Fluor 488 lipid raftlabeling kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham,Mass., USA).

Plasmids. Human Anxa2 eDNA subcloned into the pCMV6-AC-GFP vector waspurchased from OriGene Technologies (Rockville, Md., USA). cDNA for themutant pEZ-M98-GFP-Anxa2-Y23A (tyrosine replaced by alanine) wasobtained from GeneCopoeia (Rockville, Md., USA). The recombinantplasmids were characterized by restriction digest, and the quality ofthe expressed recombinant protein was assessed by confocal microscopyfor fluorescence integrity and by western blot.

Cell lines and culture. The cancer cell lines 4T1, Lewis Lung Carcinoma(LLC), A431, A549, MDA-MB-231, BxPC-3, and HL-60, were purchased fromthe American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va., USA). The4T1-luciferase (4T1-luc) cell line was a gift from Dr. KatherineWeilbaecher (Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.,USA). Human dermal fibroblasts were obtained from Coriell CellTechnologies (Camden, N.J., USA). Unless otherwise indicated, all celllines were cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator in appropriate mediasupplemented with 10% FBS.

Animals. Five to seven-week-old nude Balb/c or C57BL16 mice werepurchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass.) and housedin designated animal facilities. Mice were fed ad libitum and inspectedregularly. All animal studies were approved by the Washington UniversitySchool of Medicine Animal Studies Committee (protocol numbers 20130207and 20160207) and performed per humane care and use of research animals.Human tissues De-identified human breast tissue sections includingmalignant triple-negative (n=4) and ER-positive (n=4) and control normaltissues (n=3) from the breast cancer patients were obtained from theTissue Procurement Core (TPC)—Siteman Cancer Center and Pathology andImmunology at Washington University School of Medicine (St, Louis, Mo.,USA) per Washington University's Institutional Review Board.

Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, differences between sample meanswere analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired t-test with p<0.05 denotingstatistical significance. Error bars denote standard error (standarddeviation/square root of n); for replicate experiments, the sample sizewas at least (n)=3 for each experimental group, and data were taken fromdifferent samples. Pearson's correlation coefficient, imagequantification, and analysis were calculated using the ImageJ softwareplugin Colocalization Finder. Statistical analyses of the images wereperformed using Origin Pro 8.0 software (OriginLabs).

Example 1 Synthesis of LS301

LS301 (cypate-cyclic (_(D)Cys-Cly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH) wassynthesized from the linear GRD peptide,H-_(D)Cys(Acm)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Asp(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Pro-Cys(Acm)-Lys(Boc)-OH,was prepared via a CEM Liberty Blue microwave peptide synthesizer(Matthews, N.C., USA) on the Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Wang resin. The resin (0.1mmol) was swelled in dichloromethane for 1 hour before use. Fmoc-aminoacids (0.5 mmol, 5 eq), coupling reagent (HBTU, 0.5 mmol, 5 eq), anddiisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 1 mmol, 10 eq) were added to the resin, andthe mixture was reacted for 15 min under microwave irradiation (100W,90° C.). The resin was washed three times with DMF. The Fmoc group'sdeprotection was carried out by treatment of 20% piperidine/DMF for 5min under microwave irradiation (100 W, 90° C.). The peptidyl resin waswashed, and the peptide cyclized through the disulfide bridge withiodine (1.2. eq) in DMF for 90 min.

Subsequently, cypate (3 eq) was conjugated to the cyclic peptide on asolid support in the presence of N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, 5eq) in DMF to afford the LS301 peptidyl resin. The resin was thentreated with a trifluoroacetic acid cleavage cocktail: thioanisol:phenol: water (85:5:5:5, v/v/v/v) for 90 rain at room temperature. Thecleaved peptide product was concentrated in vacuo before purifying viareverse-phase HPLC (Gilson, Middleton, Wis., USA). The molecular weightof the final product (1469 Da) was confirmed by electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry with peaks observed at 1470 (M+1) and 735 (M+2/2).

Example 2 Synthesis of LS301 peptide (LS637)

LS637 (Ac-Cyclo(_(D)Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH), anon-fluorescent analog of LS301, was synthesized by a similar method asLS301, except acetic anhydride was used instead of cypate. The molecularweight of the final product (904 Da) was confirmed by electrosprayionization mass spectrometry with peaks observed at 905 (M+1) and 453(M+2/2).

Example 3 Synthesis of ANXA2 blocking (LCKLSL) and scrambled (LGKLSL)peptides

AnXA2 binding and scrambled peptides, LCKLSL and LGKLSL, weresynthesized on solid support by standard automated Fmoc chemistry atroom temperature. Starting with the Rink amide resin (30 μmol), aminoacids were subsequently coupled to the resin using the appropriateFmoc-protected amino acids (90 μmol) and coupling reagent2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate(HBTU, 90 μmol), hydroxybenzotriazole (HOST, 90 μmol), andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (I)IEA, 180 umol). Cleavage of the peptidefrom the resin and concomitant removal of all protecting groups wasachieved with 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 5% water. The resultingproduct was purified by preparative HPLC using a Grace Vydac™ C-18column (250×21.2 mm) with a UV detector at 254 nm. The desired compoundwas obtained by linear gradient elution using solvents A (0.1% TEA inwater) and B (0A % TFA in acetonitrile) from 90% to 10% over 30 minutesat 10 mL/min. Analytical HPLC characterized the purity of the peptide.The identity was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES+MS):LCKLSL, calculated MW 676 g/mol, observed m/z 677 (M+1); LGKLSLcalculated 629.80 g/mol, observed mlz 575 (M+1).

Example 4 Synthesis of KLH-conjugated LS301 for Antibody Production

Synthesis of KLH-conjugated LS301 was accomplished via conjugation ofthe linker to LS301 followed by the conjugation of LS301-linker to KLH.For linker conjugation, 180 μmol (34.5 mg)1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl, 90μmol, 41 mg), S-trityl-L-cystine tert-butyl ester hydrochloride(Chem-Impex, Wood Dale, Ill., USA), and DIEA (180 μmol, 31.2 μL) in 2 mLDMF was sonicated until clear. The solution was added to 30 μmol LS301and mixed overnight before the resin was filtered and washed with DMFand DCM. Finally, the product was cleaved from the resin and purified byreverse-phase HPLC. About 3 mg of the product was obtained (MW 1572g/mol).

Example 5 Synthesis of LS301-Doxorubicin Conjugate (LS766)

Doxorubicin (3 eq, LC Laboratories, Woburn, Mass.) was added to amixture of the LS301 peptidyl resin,(1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 6 eq), and DIEA (6 eq) in DMF. After12 hours of reaction, the resin was treated with a cleavage cocktailconsisting of TFA: thioanisol: phenol: water (85:5:5:5 v/v/v/v) for 90minutes at room temperature. The cleaved peptide product wasconcentrated in vacuo, then purified on reverse-phase HPLC (Gilson,Middleton, Wis., USA) to obtain LS766(doxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(_(D)Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-H), M/W 1995g/mol, ESI-MS observed 998 (M+2/2) and 666 (M+3/3).

Following the procedure above, the LS838 peptidyl resin can be reactedwith doxorubicin to yielddoxorubicin-cypate-cyclic(_(D)Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH,comprising the structural formula

Example 6 Immunoprecipitation

In general, immunoprecipitation experiments were performed by incubationof LS301 with either 4T1 cell lysates or live 4T1 cells, followed bypulldown of LS301-associated proteins with anti-LS301 antibody andprotein A/G agarose beads. For cell lysis, Whole 4T1 cells werehomogenized in a 15-mL tube on homogenizer using 3 mL of homogenizingRIPA buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 140 mM NaCl, 1mM EDTA, EGTA, TritonX-100, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate 0.1% SDS, 1 mM PMSF, protease inhibitorcocktail III (10 μL/mL Calbiochem, 539134), and phosphatase inhibitorcocktail 1 (10 μL/mL, Sigma, P2850)). Lysates were clarified bycentrifugation at 15,000×g. The protein concentration was determined byBAC protein assay (Bio-Rad) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as astandard. The supernatants were stored at −80° C.

For immunoprecipitation studies with cell lysates, 400 μg of cellularprotein extract was incubated with LS301 (40 μM) in 0.5 mL 1×phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 2 hours at room temperature. Forimmunoprecipitation studies with live cells, 4T 1 cells in a T-75 flaskat about 80% confluence were incubated with LS301 (10 μM) for 24 h at37° C.; the cells were rinsed with PBS, harvested using trypsin-EDTA,and lysed as above. Next, 10 μg of anti-LS301 polyclonal Ab (AntibodyResearch Corp., St. Charles, Mo.) was added to the sample and incubatedfor 18 hours at 4° C. Forty μL of protein A/G PLUS-agarose beads (SantaCruz Biotechnology) was then added and incubated overnight at 4° C.under rotation. The pellets were collected by centrifugation (1200×g)and washed three times with 1× PBS for 5 minutes. The pellets wereresuspended in 60 μL of 1× electrophoresis loading buffer containingsodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Samples were boiled for 7 min. Then 30 μLof the samples were resolved on TGX gels (Any Size gradient TGX gels,Bio-Rad) and visualized by near-infrared fluorescence imaging using thePearl Imaging System, Coomassie staining, or Western blot analysis,

For fluorescent gel binding experiments, 1 μg recombinant annexin A2protein was incubated with LS301 or cypate (10 μM) at 37° C. for theperiods indicated. Samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE on precast gels(Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.), and gels were imaged for near-infraredfluorescence (800 nm) using a Pearl Small Animal Imager (LI-CORBiosciences, Lincoln, Nebr., USA). For competitive binding experiments,Annexin A2-GST, annexin A1, or annexin A3 (1.0 μg protein per sample)was pre-incubated with or without 2.5 mM of LS637 (non-fluorescent LS301analog; blocking peptide) in binding buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂) for 1 hour at 37° C. Ten μM. LS301 wasthen added to each sample. After incubation for 2 hours at 37° C.,proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and imaged fluorescently. For someexperiments, LS301 was incubated with 4T1 tumor cells before SDS-PAGE.

Microscale thermophoresis (MST) studies biomolecular interactions in anaqueous environment without immobilization. MST exploits the directedmovement of molecules along a microscopic temperature gradient. Themovement rate and direction of movement depend on the species' size,charge, and solvation shell under study. Changes in this environment canchange the thermophoretic movement of the species. MST can distinguishvery small changes that occur, for example, when a small fluorescentmolecule binds to the surface of a protein.

MST was performed using the Monolith NT.115 (Nanotemper Technologies,Munich, Germany). The appropriate agent(s) and LS301 stock samples weredenatured in MST-1 buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mMMgCl₂; 2% DMSO; 0.1% Tween-20; 4% SDS, 4 mM dithiothreitol (DTT)) at 97°C. for 10 min. Fluorescence was assessed in MST-2 buffer (50 mMTris-HCl, pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mM MgCl₂). The protein was prepared inMST-2 buffer, and 20 μL serial dilutions were made with proteinconcentration ranging from 3.05 pM to 50 nM (pANXA2) or 3.81 pM to 62.5nM (ANXA2). All samples were loaded into NT.115 standard capillaries.The analysis was performed at 37° C., 30% LED power, 60% MST power, anda constant LS301 concentration of 20 nM. The apparent K_(d) values werecalculated from fragment concentration-dependent changes in normalizedfluorescence (Fraction Bound) of LS301 after 5 seconds of thermophoresisbased on mass action law using the MO Affinity Analysis v2.3 software.

For Western blot analysis, cells were homogenized using an ultrasonicprocessor in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (10 mMTris-HCl, p1:1 8.0; 140 mM :NaCl; 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA); 0.5 mM egtazic acid (EGTA); 1% Triton X-100; 0.1% sodiumdeoxycholate; 0.1% SDS; 1 mM PMSF). Total cell lysates were clarified bycentrifugation. Total cellular protein or pure proteins were denaturedin SDS gel-loading buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, 200 mM DTT, 4% SDS, 0.2%bromophenol blue, and 20% glycerol) for 7 minutes at 100° C. and thenseparated on 12% TGX gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). Afterelectrophoresis, proteins were transferred to PVDF-FL membrane using anEC140 Mini Blot Module (Thermo E C, Holbrook, N.Y., USA) apparatus. Themembrane was treated with Odyssey blocking buffer for 1 hour at roomtemperature, followed by incubation with rabbit monoclonal anti-annexinA2 (D11G2, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and mouse monoclonalpannexin II (11.Tyr24; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or rabbit ANXA2(Phospho-Tyr24; MyBioSource, Inc.) primary antibodies in Odysseyblocking buffer at 4° C. overnight. After washing three times for 10minutes each in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T), the membrane wasincubated for 1 hour with diluted IRDye 680RD goat anti-rabbit IgG orIRDye 800CW goat anti-mouse IgG in Odyssey blocking buffer. The membranewas then washed three times for 10 minutes each in PBS-T and imagingusing the Odyssey CLx imaging system. The membrane was probed again withmouse monoclonal anti-actin (Santa. Cruz Biotech) or rabbit polyclonalanti-Actin (Cell Signaling Technology) for immunoblotting and imaging.In some experiments, the Coomassie blue stain was used (Bio-Rad,Hercules, Calif., USA).

Example 7 Proteomics

For mass spectrometric protein identification, the appropriate bandswere excised from protein gels and submitted for LC-MS/MS proteinidentification at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Proteomics &Mass Spectrometry Facility (St. Louis, Mo., USA). Samples were digestedwith trypsin and run on the LTQ-Orbitrap Velos using the 1-hour LC-MS/MSmethod.

All MS/MS samples were analyzed using Mascot (Matrix Science, London,UK; version 2.4.1. Mascot was set to search the cRAP_20 110301 databaseand NCBInr database (selected for Mus musculus, 174101 entries),assuming the digestion enzyme to be trypsin. Mascot was searched with afragment ion mass tolerance of 0.80 Da and a parent ion tolerance of 15ppm. Deamidated asparagine and glutamine, oxidation of methionine, andcarbamidomethyl of cysteine were specified in Mascot as variablemodifications.

Scaffold (version Scaffold_4.3.4, Proteome Software Inc., Portland,Oreg., USA) validated MS/MS-based peptide and protein identifications.Peptide identifications were accepted if they could be established atgreater than 80.0% probability by the Scaffold Local FDR algorithm.Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established atgreater than 99.0% probability and contained at least two identifiedpeptides.

Protein probabilities were assigned by the Protein Prophet algorithm(Nesvizhskii et al., Anal. Chem. 2003;75(17):4646-58). Proteins thatcontained similar peptides and could not be differentiated based onMS/MS analysis alone were grouped to satisfy parsimony. Proteins sharingsignificant peptide evidence were grouped into clusters.

In general, cultured cancer cells were grown and incubated with theindicated amount of probe in Lab-Tek 8-chambered slides for theindicated time durations. Cells were washed with PBS at selected timepoints and underwent conventional slide preparation, ICC if indicated,and viewing under epifluorescence or confocal. For live-cell imaging ofLS301, internalization at 37° C. in human dermal fibroblasts (CoriellCell Technologies) and tumor cells including 4T1luc, MDA-MB-231, 5TGM,A549, and HL60 (ATCC) cells were cultured in appropriate mediasupplemented with 10% PBS and penicillin/streptomycin and incubated at37° C. in 5% CO₂ incubator. The cells were grown on Lab-Tek 8-chamberslides (Nunc Inc. Rochester, N.Y.) in the culture medium overnightbefore the experiment. The compounds were dissolved in 20% DMSO in 10 μMPBS (pH 7.4) (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) for stocking solution and mixedwith culture medium to reach the final concentration. Cells wereincubated with 1 μM compounds in chamber slides at different time pointsat 37° C. After LS301 treatment, the culture media was removed andfollowed by adding culture media containing SYTO 13 nuclear dye from(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) for 45 minutes at 37° C. Forassessing cellular colocalization of LS301 with lipid rafts, the VybrantAlexaFluor 488 Lipid Raft Labeling Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham, Mass., USA) was used per the manufacturer's instructions.Briefly, 4T1 cells were grown overnight in eight-chambered slides(Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA) in phenol-free DMEM 10%FBS. LS301 was added to 4T1 cells at 5 μM for 1 hour, followed bystaining with AlexaFluor 488-conjugated cholera toxin B for 10 minutesat 4° C., washing with PBS, and followed by adding anti-cholera toxin Bantibody for 15 min at 4° C. to crosslink labeled lipid rafts andwashing with PBS. Slides were mounted with Fluoromount-G mounting medium(Thermo-Fisher Scientific) before viewing. LS301 and AlexaFluor 488fluorescence were imaged using the cypate filter set (Ex/Em 750-800nm/818-873 nm) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) filter set (Ex/Em460-500/510-560 nm), respectively.

For live-cell imaging of LS301 cell surface binding at 4° C., at first,the tumor cells and fibroblast cells were incubated with 1 μM of LS301in culture medium for 1 hour at 4° C. in 35 mm glass-bottom culturedishes (MatTek Co., Ashland, Mass., USA). In the 1.5 mL tubes, 1:250monoclonal rabbit anti-ANXA2 antibody (Cell signaling Technology. Inc.Danvers, Mass., USA) was incubated with 1:500 Alexa 488 anti-rabbitantibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 1:250 mouse anti-pANXA2antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Santa Cruz, Calif.) wasincubated with 1:500 Alexa 546 donkey anti-mouse antibody (Thermo FisherScientific, Waltham, Mass., USA) for 1 hour at 37° C. respectively. Thecells treated with LS301 were washed twice and incubated with the firstand second antibodies complexes for another hour at 4° C. Secondaryantibody treatment alone served as controls. After washing twice, thecells were imaged using an FV1000 confocal microscope. FV1000 softwaredetermined the mean fluorescence intensities (Ex/Em=488/510-530 nm;Ex/Em=546/555-600 nm, 633/645-700 nm; Ex/Em=780/805-830 nm),

For LS301 cell internalization studies involving insulin treatment,cells were grown on Lab-Tek slides overnight. HEK 293T cells (or in somecases 4T1 cells) were maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum and 100 units/mL penicillin. After DNA transfection,the HEK 293TAnxa2-WT-GFP and HEK 293TAnxa2-Y23A-GFP cells weremaintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium with 500μug/mL G418, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 units/mL penicillin.The medium was changed, and cells were grown in serum-starved conditionsovernight. Cells were then cultivated with or without 100 nM insulin for4 h. Then 1 μM of LS301 was added to each sample to incubated for 4hours or 24 hours at 37° C. Cells were imaged using an FV1000 confocalmicroscope, and the mean fluorescence intensities (Ex/Em=488/495 nm;Ex/Em=590/617 nm; Ex/Em=780/805-830 nm) were determined using the FV1000software.

For Western blot analysis of insulin/PP2-induced change in cellularpANXA2 levels, 4T1 cells were treated with insulin or PP2 as above,lysed, and subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. For mechanistic LS301 cellinternalization experiments with endocytosis pathway inhibitors, 4T1murine breast cancer cells were seeded in an 8-well plate at a densityof 5000 cells/well with DMEM media supplemented with 10% FBS andpenicillin/streptomycin and incubated overnight at 37° C. The next day,culture media was removed, followed by pre-treatment of cells withchlorpromazine hydrochloride at 13 μg/mL for 30 min, filipin complex at3.2 μg/mL for 1 hour, or amiloride hydrochloride at 300 μM for 1 hour ina 300-μL volume of cell culture media. Next, the drug-containing mediawas removed after incubation and replaced with fresh culture mediacontaining 6 μM or 0.9 μg/mL of LS301 in complete I)MEM for 1 hour at37° C.

For Pitstop 2 studies, 4T1 cells were incubated with Pitstop 2 reagentat 25 μM for 20 minutes, followed by incubation with LS301 at 2 μM for 1or 3 hours. After LS301 treatment, the culture media was removed,followed by adding culture media containing SYTO 17 nuclear dye for 40minutes at 37° C. Finally, nuclear stain media was removed. Cells werewashed 2 times with PBS. They were later re-suspended in culture mediafor live-cell confocal microscopy imaging using Ex/Em=780/805-830 nm forLS301 and Ex/Em=621/634 nm for SYTO 17. ImageJ software corrected totalcell fluorescence (CTCF) value from multiple cells per condition andsummarized data with a box plot. Background signal was maintained atzero background for the analysis.

For LS301 intracellular trafficking experiments, 4T1 cells were culturedovernight using similar parameters as above. The next day culture mediawas removed, followed by incubation of cells with 200 μL of 4 μM LS301in complete culture media for 5 hours at 37° C. At the end of thisinternalization process, LS301-containing media was removed, followed bythree PBS washes. Fluorescence organelle staining and imaging wereperformed per manufacturers' protocols using VectaCell Rhodamine 123 formitochondria, Lysotracker for lysosomes, BODIPY TR Ceramide for Golgiapparatus arid CellLight Peroxisome-GFP, BacMani 2.0 for peroxisomes.

Immunocytochemistry was performed with 4% paraformaldehyde fixation,permeabilization with 0.1% Triton X-100 solution, and blocking with 5%normal goat serum and 1% BSA in 1× PBS blocking solution. Primarymonoclonal antibodies against Rab5 (1:333) for early endosomes and Rab7(1:333) for late endosomes were added to cells overnight at 4° C. Thenext day, wells were washed three times in PBS and then incubated withsecondary Ab (goat anti-rabbit Dylight 550 nm (1:500)) for 1 hour.Finally, wells were washed three times and then imaged withoutcoverslipping with a water immersion lens at 60×. ImageJ performedcolocalization analyses to obtain the Pearson's correlation coefficient(PCC) and the scatterplot inset.

For in vitro blocking studies of LS301, 4T1 luc/GFP cells were treatedfor 24 h with LS301 alone, blocking peptide LCKLSL plus LS301, scrambledblocking peptide LGKLSL plus LS301, or unlabeled LS301 analog LS637 plusLS301. Cells were prepared for confocal microscopy.

For co-culture experiments on intercellular pANXA2/ANXA2 transfer,fibroblasts (FB) (5×10⁴ cells/well) were seeded on a 35-mm glass-bottomPetri dish (MarTek Cor. Ashland, Mass., USA) overnight before seeding of5×10⁴ of cancer cells and further culture overnight before theexperiment. LS301 (1 μM) was incubated with co-cultures of FB andANXA2-YFP transfected HL60 cells, co-cultures of FB and wild-type HL60cells, or co-cultures of FB and 4T1-GFP cells at 37° C. for 3 hours andthen washed twice with 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4). Then, the cells were fixedwith 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes.

For immunocytochemistry, slides were blocked with appropriate serum for35 minutes or 5% non-fat milk PBS (pH 7.4) overnight at 4° C. Then, theslides were incubated with 1:500 monoclonal rabbit anti-ANXA2 antibody(Cell signaling Technology. Inc. Danvers, Mass., USA), 1:500 monoclonalmouse anti-pANXA2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Santa Cruz,Calif., USA), and/or 1:250 monoclonal mouse anti-vimentin antibody(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif., USA) for 1 hour at 37° C.After washing twice with PBS, the tissue sections were incubated with1:1000 Alexa 488 anti-rabbit antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham, Mass.) and/or 1:1000 TRITC labeled donkey anti-mouse IgG inMPBS (Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab, West Grove, Pa., USA), for 1 hour at25° C. Finally, slides were imaged under a confocal microscope asdescribed in the Fluorescence Microscopy methods section. Fluorescencemicroscopy was performed using either an Olympus FV1000 confocalmicroscope (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with filters/channels asfollows: Ex/Em=488/510-530 nm; Ex/Em=546/555-600 nm, 633/645-700 nm;Ex/Em=785-825 mm/805-830 nm; or epifluorescence microscope withfilters/channels as follows: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, (DAPI,Ex/Em=330-385/420 nm), FITC (Ex/Em=460-500/510-560 nm), Texas Red(Ex/Em=542-582/604-644 nm), and cypate (Ex/Em=750-800/818-873 nm), usingexposure times 1 to 30 seconds and sensitivity settings ISO200-ISO1600.The same parameters were used for control and treatment groups unlessotherwise indicated. ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, Md., USA) was used for image processing.

In general, cells were fixed in Lab-Tek 8-chamber slides with 3%paraformaldehyde in PBS solution for 15 minutes. Nonspecific bindingsites were blocked by PBS containing 10% donkey serum (blockingsolution) for 1 hour. Cells were incubated overnight at 4° C. with theappropriate primary antibodies after three 5-minute PBS washes. Cellswere then incubated at room temperature for 1 hour with dilutedsecondary donkey anti-rabbit antibody (Alexa Fluor 594) in blockingsolution. Slides were counterstained and mounted with coverslips forimaging on an FV1000 confocal microscope. Mean fluorescence intensities(Ex/Em=590/617 nm) on the slide were determined using the FV1000software. Cell transfection and transduction ANXA2-YFP expressing HL60cells were generated by lentiviral transduction as follows. Humanfull-length ANXA2 cDNA in the pCMV6-AC-GFP vector was purchased fromOriGene Technologies (Rockville, Md., USA). BamHI, XhoI, and AgeIrestriction enzymes and Quick Ligation kit were purchased from NewEngland Biolabs (Ipswich, Mass., USA). An FCIV lentiviral vectorcontaining IDES-Venus YFP under the ubiquitin promoter was obtained as agenerous gift from Dr. Mingjie Lee at the Hope Center, WashingtonUniversity School of Medicine (St Louis, Mo., USA). The ANXA2 cDNA wassubcloned into the FCIV lentiviral vector by restriction digest of theANXA2 cDNA vector with BamHI and XhoI enzymes, restriction digest of theFCIV vector with BamHI and AgeI enzymes, and ligation using QuickLigation per manufacturer's instructions. Klenow fragment and dNTPnucleotide mix (New England Biolabs) was used to fill sticky ends.

HEK 293T cells (ATCC) were cultured overnight in DMEM with 10% fetalbovine serum, 100 units/mL penicillin 100 μg/mL, streptomycin beforetransfection. DNA constructs were transfected into HEK 293T cells usingGenejuice (EMD Millipore, Burlington, Mass.) per manufacturer'sinstructions. Culture supernatants were collected 40 hours aftertransfection, mixed 1:1 with Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM)(Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and 1% Streptomycin, and added to HL60 cells in 6-well plates. At72 hours post-transduction, the HL60 cells were checked under a confocalmicroscope for fluorescence. Populations of HL60 cells stronglyexpressing ANXA2-YFP were analyzed and collected by flow cytometry usinga BD FACS Arian Cell Sorter at a core laboratory at WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis School of Medicine (St. Louis, Mo., USA). Cellviability was checked by luciferase. MTS assay as described in the MTSAssay section of methods. Transwell culture and extracellular vesicletransfer studies For transwell studies, human dermal fibroblasts(300,000 cells/well) were cultured alone in 6-well plates, or transwellwith 4T1 cells (100,000 cells/insert) suspended within transwell inserts(3 μm pore polycarbonate membrane, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA).Cells were plated and grown in extracellular vesicle-depleted media for72 hours and subsequently stained for pANXA2 using rabbit anti-pANXA2primary antibody (15 min. at 4° C.) and donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor594 conjugated secondary antibody (15 min. at 4° C.) at 1:500 dilutions,and visualized by fluorescence microscopy using the Texas Red filter set(Ex/Em=542-582/604-644 nm).

Extracellular vesicle-depleted media were generated by collectingflow-through after centrifugal filtration of complete DMEM media usingAmicon Ultra-100K (100 kDa molecular weight cutoff membrane) devices(MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Mo.). For extracellular vesicle transferstudies, supernatants from 4T1 cells cultured in extracellularvesicle-depleted media for 16 hours were harvested. The 4T1-derivedextracellular vesicle fraction was concentrated by serial centrifugalfiltration on Amicon Ultra-100K devices. The 4T1-derived extracellularvesicle fraction was then added to fibroblasts (60 μg/well) for 24 h,with untreated fibroblasts as control. LS301 was then added at 5 μM for1 hour, and LS301 uptake was visualized by fluorescent microscopy usingthe cypate filter set (Ex/Em 750-800 nm/818-873 nm). A separate group offibroblasts with or without added 4T1-derived extracellular vesicles wasstained for pANXA2 using rabbit anti-pANXA2 primary antibody and donkeyanti-rabbit AlexaFluor 594 conjugated secondary antibody at 1:500dilutions and visualized by fluorescence microscopy as above.

For the MTS Assay, 6,000 4T1 or fibroblast cells (n=3) were seeded in96-well plates and cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 37° C. overnightbefore treatment with different concentrations of LS301 for 48 hours or72. hours. Cell viability was evaluated using CellTiterGlo Luminescentcell viability assay (Promega, USA) per manufacturer's instructions bystandard plate reader for luminescence. The luminescence intensity fromcells was normalized to reagent alone.

Overnight cultured 4T1 tumor cells in 96-well plates were treated with0.5 μg/ml of doxorubicin (DOX) for 3 hours as a positive control. Aftertreatment with different concentrations of LS301 for 48 hours or 72hours, the cells were trypsinized, centrifuged, and washed twice withPBS (pH 7.4) before cell cytometry. Apoptotic cell death was determinedusing the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection kit (Biolegend, USA) permanufacturer's instructions. Data were acquired and analyzed using BDFACS Ariall Cell Sorter (Beckman Coulter, USA) at the core laboratory atWashington University in St. Louis School of Medicine.

Example 8 Tissue Analysis

In general, tissues of interest were harvested and frozen at −80° C. inOptimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) media (storage at ≤−20° C.). Frozensections were cut at 10-μm thickness, and slides were stored at −40° C.The LS301 fluorescence signal was then assessed by fluorescencemicroscopy using Cy7 filters or confocal microscope. Sections weresubsequently fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes,

For immunohistochemistry, slides were blocked with appropriate serum for35 minutes or with 5% non-fat, milk PBS (pH 7.4) overnight at 4° C. andincubated with primary antibody overnight at 4° C. or 1 hour at 37° C.For ANXA2/pANXA2 studies, tissue sections were incubated with 1:250monoclonal rabbit anti-ANXA2 antibody (Cell signaling Technology, Inc.Danvers, Mass.) or 1:250 monoclonal mouse anti-pANXA2 antibody (SantaCruz Biotechnology, Inc. Santa Cruz, Calif.). After washing twice withPBS, the tissue sections were incubated with 1:1000 AlexaFluor 488anti-rabbit antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) and1:800 TRITC labeled donkey anti-mouse IgG in MPBS (JacksonImmunoResearch Lab, West Grove, Pa., USA) for 1 hour at 25° C.respectively. Slides were washed again and stained with Hoechst or DAPInuclear stains for 5 min or stained with 1:4000 nucleus dye ToPro3(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) for 45 minutes at 37° C.After final washes, a coverslip with aqueous fluorescence-savingmounting media was applied before imaging. Images were co-registeredwith others from the same sections to allow co-localization analysis.

For H&E staining, the same section or an adjacent frozen section wasfixed for 10 min in 4% paraformaldehyde solution (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.,USA) and stained with Harris hematoxylin for 90 seconds and with eosin(Sigma, St . Louis, Mo.) for 15 seconds, and then washed with tap waterfor 5 min. The tissue sections were mounted with Richard-AllanScientific mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and coverslips formicroscopic examination.

For Z-stack imaging, the frozen 4T1 tumor tissue sections (10 μmthickness) were warmed in PBS (pH 7.4) for 5 min and then stained withSYTO-13 green fluorescent nuclear stain (Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham, Mass.) for 45 min at 37° C. Slides were imaged under a confocalmicroscope at Ex/Em=488/510-530 nm for SYTO-13 and Ex/Em=7801805-830 nmfor detection of LS301. Each step of the Z-stack imaging ranged from 0.8μm to 1.6 μm.

For quantitative correlation of pANXA2 expression to LS301 fluorescencein 4T1 luc-GFP, HT1080, and BxPC-3 tumors, the ImageJ pluginColocalization Finder was applied to three representative tumor areasfor each tumor type and determined the Pearson's correlationcoefficients for pANXA2/LS301 signal overlap. For quantitative analysisof pANXA2 or ANXA2 signal within human tissues, FV1000 software wasapplied to calculate the fluorescence intensity at different areas intumor tissues (n=3 mice/group, n=15 view spots). Ten lines were drawn ineach view site, three view sites were chosen in tissue sections using10× and 60× objective lens to do quantitative analysis. All values arethe mean+S.D., and Student's two-tailed unpaired t-test compared thedifference. P<0.05 was accepted as statistically different.

For quantitative analysis of intratumoral LS301 levels in 4T1 luc/GFP,HT1080, and BxPC-3 tumors, mean fluorescence was measured for sixindependent views, including peripheral and core tumor tissues for eachtumor type using ImageJ software (Analysis>Measure function). Forquantitation of intratumoral distribution (periphery vs. core) of LS301in 4T1 luc/GFP tumors, mean fluorescence was measured for threeindependent views of peripheral tumor tissues versus three independentviews of core tumor tissues using ImageJ.

To establish the various tumor models, nude, Balb/c, otr C57BL/6 micewere injected with 10⁵-10⁷ tumor cells subcutaneously on unilateral orbilateral flanks. In some cases, spontaneous tumor models were used.Animals injected subcutaneously with saline served as sham tumorcontrols. For near-infrared imaging, 100 μL volumes of 60 μM LS301 orcypate in PBS were injected intravenously by lateral tail vein, andanimals were imaged using a Pearl Small Animal Imager (LI-CORBiotechnology, Lincoln, Nebr., USA) at the indicated time points. Insome experiments, probes were formulated in 1% albumin in PBS. Animalswere shaved using commercially available hair removal equipment andproducts before imaging. For experiments involving further tissueanalysis, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and euthanized bycervical dislocation under anesthesia. Organs were harvested by surgicaldissection. For quantitative organ biodistribution studies, individualregions of interest were drawn around each organ of interest, andfluorescence was quantified using the Pearl Small Animal Imagersoftware.

For flow cytometric analysis of cells from LS301-labeled 4T1 tumorxenografts, after injecting LS301 into 4T1 luc/GFP tumor-bearing mice atthe time points indicated. the mice were imaged, euthanized, and tumorswere excised and kept at −80° C. until analysis. Tumors were thawed, cutinto small pieces, and incubated in trypsin for 1 to 2 hours at 37° C.The tissue was dissociated and filtered with a 40-μm cell strainer tube(Falcon 352235) to collect the sample and washed with PBS (pH 7.4) threetimes and further centrifuged for collection. The cells were sortedusing a BD FACS Arian Cell Sorter at a core laboratory at WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis School of Medicine (St. Louis, Mo., USA),Untreated cells, cells treated with LS301 (4 μM for 24 h), wild-type 4T1cells (without GFP), and 4T1 luc/GFP cells were used for compensationand gating. The sorted cells were classified and collected in fresh IMDMsupplemented with 10% FBS and 1% streptomycin.

Example 9 Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Surgical Margin Assessment

Three 6-week old Balb/c mice were implanted with 100.000 4T1-Luc/GFPmurine breast cancer cells orthotopically in the mammary fat pad belowthe right front leg. Seven to ten days post-implantation, all three micewere injected with 100 μL of calcium-formulated LS301 (5 mM Ca/60 μMLS301) via tail vein injection. Twenty-four hours post-injection, thesemice were subjected to image-guided surgery using the CancerVision™Goggle (CVG) system.

Mice were maintained under anesthesia using a continuous 5% isofluranegas inhalation. A midline incision was made from the sternum to the baseof the right front leg to create a skin flap along the tumor guided byLS301 fluorescence visualized using the CVG. The skin flap was deflectedto expose and resect the tumor under fluorescence guidance, The surgicalbed was surveyed for residual fluorescence, and additional fluorescenttissue identified using the CVG was resected.

In vivo confirmatory closed-field fluorescence images were obtainedusing the Pearl small animal imaging system (Li-Cor Biosciences,Lincoln, Nebr., USA) to ensure no residual fluorescence was left behind.Additional in vivo validation of complete tumor resection was obtainedusing quantitative bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS imaging system(PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass., USA) after injecting the mice withluciferin intraperitoneally before the start of surgical resection. Allresected tissues were embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT (Sakura Finetek,Torrance, Calif., USA) and frozen for preservation. All preservedtissues were sectioned into 10 μM thick slices using a cryo-microtomeand immediately mounted onto microscope slides. Consecutive tissuesection slides were observed for LS301 fluorescence using theepifluorescence microscope (Olympus B61). These sections were thenstained using hematoxylin and eosin to identify cancerous tissue andimaged under brightfield conditions using the epifluorescence microscopeto find correspondence between the fluorescence and cancerous regions.

Fluorescence quantification of images obtained using the CVG was doneusing ImageJ. Tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) calculations andstatistical analyses were done using Origin Pro 8.0 software(OriginLabs). Means and standard errors denoted TBR average values anderrors, respectively. Paired student's t-tests compared the TBRs beforeand after tumor resection to measure complete tumor resection and lackof residual fluorescence in the surgical bed. A p-value <0.05 wasstatistically significant.

Example 10 In vivo LS301-Doxorubicin Drug Conjugate Therapy

Athymic nude mice (n=3 per group) were subcutaneously implanted withHT1.080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Tumor growth was measured by a calipertwice weekly. On days 8, 11, and 15 post tumor implantation, mice wereintravenously injected with either control (no treatment), doxorubicinalone, or LS301-doxorubicin drug conjugate at a dose of 0.5 μmol/kg.Mice were euthanized when tumors reached 2 cm in diameter in anydirection. Survival was plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves, andstatistical significance was assessed by a Logrank test of untreatedcontrol vs. LS301-doxorubicin treatment.

Example 11 DMSO-Based Formulation

At room temperature (−25° C.), 200 μL of DMSO was added to 0.5 mg LS301and vortexed for about 1 minute to homogenize. The solution wascentrifuged to remove any non-dissolved components. The concentrationwas measured via absorbance.

Generally, solution concentrations ranged between 290 and 330 μM. Thisconcentrated solution was diluted dropwise into 800 μLphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) calculated such that the finalconcentration was 60 μM LS301 and that the final concentration was 20%DMSO/80% PBS by volume (“20% DMSO”).

Example 12 Ethanol-Based Formulation

A 1:1 PEG400/Ethanol solution (v/v) was prepared by mixing 4 mL ofPEG400 and 4 mL of ethanol and vortexing at high speed for 1 minute. 200μL of this 1:1 solution was added to about 0.5 mg of LS301 to produce atransparent solution (>300 μM). No precipitate was observed aftercentrifugation. The solution was then added dropwise to a PBS/Ethanolsolution, such that the final solution had a concentration of 60 μM, 10%PEG400, 10% ethanol solution, 80% PBS (“1:1 PEG400/Ethanol”).

Example 13 NIR Contrast Evaluation for DMSO and Ethanol-BasedFormulations

LS301 exhibited variable contrast when placed in different media, withdemonstrable significantly increased contrast in 20% PEG400 (contrast invivo over time) and 3e (contrast ex vivo). LS301 cleared via renal andhepatic mechanisms.

LS301 placed in 20% PEG400 solutions demonstrated increased tumor uptakecompared to renal or hepatic clearance. Compared to DMSO based solvents,all the ethanol-based solvents demonstrated a more rapid increase inbladder fluorescence in vivo, suggesting increased renal clearance byethanol-based solvents. No difference in histology between the varioussolvents was seen.

Example 14 Performance Test of PEG/Ethanol Formulation in DifferentTumor Models

LS301's solubility in ethanol ranged near the cutoff for producing a 20%ethanol/PBS solution. Besides, although 20% PEG400+20% ethanol had ahigher contrast than the other solvent basis, efforts were made toreduce the non-aqueous component and increase the ease in producing thestock solution. The 1:1 PEG400/ethanol solution could maintain stabilityup to about 1-to-16 dilution. In vivo, a screening test was done by IVinjection of 60 μM solution into a Balb/c mouse with two 4T1luc tumorsdorsally injected. The data demonstrated increased contrast compared to20% DMSO. To confirm LS301's multitumor affinity in the new solvent,solutions were tested against HT1080, A431, and DBT tumor-bearing mice.LS301 in 20% 1:1 PEG400 demonstrates a tumor-to-muscle ratio of greaterthan 10-fold in all three models and visible over time and ex vivostudies.

Example 15 HSA/MSA Formulation

One percent human serum albumin (HSA) or mouse serum albumin (MSA) wasprepared by diluting 100 mL 25% HSA to 2.5 L with sterile water ordissolving 1 g MSA in sterile water. One gram LS301 was suspended in 10L of 1% HSA or 1% MSA solution. The solution vortexed on a shaker for 30minutes. The resulting LS301-HSA or LS301-MSA formulation was sterilefiltered through Steriflip™ filter. Aliquots of the filtered sample weretaken. The concentration of LS301 and HSA or MSA was confirmed viaabsorbance. The sample vials containing filtered LS301-HSA or LS301-MSAformulation were placed on dry ice to quick-freeze the sample. Thefrozen sample vials were placed onto the lyophilizer's tray dryer, thenloaded into the lyophilizer to dry overnight (at least 12 hours). Afterlyophilization, the sample vials were removed from the lyophilizer'stray dryer, then crimp sealed. The sample vials were labeled and storedat −20° C. The resulting vial comprised 2 mg active LS301 and about 100mg of HSA or MSA. LS301-HSA or LS301-MSA lyophilized product wasreconstituted by injecting 10 mL of saline into vials to form a 0.2mg/mL injection solution.

LS301-HSA formulation was evaluated in multiple cancer models with aninjection dose of 0.35 mg/kg. NIR fluorescent images were monitored overtime to confirm tumor accumulation. Without wishing to be bound bytheory, formulating LS301 improved uptake into cancer cells, which usealbumin for energy and express cell surface receptors, such as secretedprotein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), to internalize theL5301-albumin complex.

Example 16 HSA/MSA Formulation with Metal Ions

Five mM of metal chloride (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Al) solutions wereprepared. To the LS301-HSA or LS301-MSA lyophilized product, 10 mL of 5mM metal chloride solution were added to reconstitute the solution,which was then incubated at room temperature for at least 10 minutesbefore administration.

In vitro cell internalization studies were performed on a 4T1/luc cancercell lines with 1 μLS301-MSA formulation comprising 5 mM metal ions.Fluorescent confocal images were taken over time to investigate theinternalization pattern difference between different metal ions. Addingdivalent ions enhanced cell uptake of LS301-MSA formulation, whereastrivalent ions inhibited the cell uptake of LS301-MSA formulation.

In vivo NIR fluorescent imaging showed biodistribution of theformulations in 4T1luc tumor mice. Like the in vitro study, LS301-MSAwith divalent metal ions enhanced tumor accumulation in a shorter timeand maintained good tumor retention.

A colorectal cancer mice model was dosed via oral gavage. Fluorescenceimaging and histology analysis both proved LS301-MSA targeted cancercells through the GI system.

Example 17 Pluronic Gel Formulation for Topical Application

To formulate LS301 in a sol-gel mixture for topical administration,Pluronic F-127 (1 g; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was dissolved inphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (10 mL; PBS) to obtain a 10% (w/v) stocksolution. A solution of LS301 (0.5 mL; 60 μM) was dissolved in 10% w/vaqueous Pluronic solution to form the sol-gel system, which was storedon ice before administration to maintain its liquid state.

To evaluate the Pluronic gel-LS301 formulation's performance, a topicalapproach of the formulation in-vivo study was conducted using a coloncancer HT29 mice model. 10 μL of the Pluronic gel-LS301 formulation wasapplied to the skin where the tumor was located. In-vivo NIR fluorescentimages were taken at different time points post-application.

Example 18 Thermal Sensitive Hydrogel Formulation for TopicalApplication

PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA triblock copolymers (1500:1000:1500, transitiontemperature ˜30° C., 250 mg) dissolved in 1 mL of cold water (5° C.)were mixed with 44 μg of LS301 in 1 mL tert-butanol at 60° C. andlyophilized for 24 hours. The lyophilized cake was then rehydrated with1 mL of cold DI water at 4° C. and gently stirred for at least 6 hoursin the cold room at 300 rpm. The rehydrated solution was passed througha 0.2-μm regenerated cellulose filter to remove unincorporatedprecursors.

Example 19 Liposomal Formulation of LS301

General preparation used DPPC(1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DSPE-PEG(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethyleneglycol)-5000 amine) and cholesterol (phosphocholine 67.5%, PEGylatedphosphocholine 2.5%, cholesterol 30%) for the liposome. Lipid stocksolutions were prepared by dissolving each lipid in chloroform indifferent glass vials. Aliquots from the stock solutions were mixed in adifferent glass vial to give 2 mL of solution with 30 mM lipidconcentration. LS301 (0.005 mmol %, 2.205 mg) was dissolved in 20 μLdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and added to the 2 mL lipid mixture. Thesolvent from the lipid mixture was evaporated off with a nitrogen streamto obtain a lipid film. The lipid film was further dried under vacuum at−100 kPa for 2 hours. The lipid film was then hydrated with 2 mL 120 mMammonium sulfate. The lipid suspension thus formed was shaken at 60° C.for 30 minutes, followed by freeze-though cycles.

This suspension was extruded through a 50-nm polycarbonate membrane toform liposomes, purified through size exclusion chromatography to removeany unbound LS301. LS301 containing liposomes were prepared by extrusionin total lipid concentration of 30 mM. Size analysis of theliposomal-LS301 showed that the particle is around 30 nm.

Components of the liposome can and will vary, depending on theapplication. Different phosphocholine class lipids, PEGylatedderivatives of phosphatidylcholine class lipids and cholesterol was usedin different ratios to form the main core of the liposome. Thephosphocholine class lipids that were used comprised:

1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC);

1,2-didodecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC);

1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC);

1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC);

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC);

1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE);

1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE);

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE);

1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DMPA);

1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DPPA); and

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate.

The PEGylated phosphocholine class lipids used comprised:

-   -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene        glycol)-5000 [DSPE-PEG (5000) Amine];    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene        glycol)-2000 [DSPE-PEG (2000) Amine];    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(polyethylene        glycol)-5000 [DSPE-PEG (5000) carboxylic acid];    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(polyethylene        glycol)-2000 [DSPE-PEG (2000) carboxylic acid];    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[succinyl(polyethylene        glycol)-5000 [DSPE-PEG (5000) succinyl];    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[succinyl(polyethylene        glycol)-2000 [DSPE-PEG (2000) succinyl]; and    -   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene        glycol)-5000 [DSPE-PEG (5000) maleimide].

In vivo performance of liposomal-LS301 formulation was investigated in aPyMT BO1 tumor-bearing C57/B6 mice. Ex-vivo fluorescence imaging ofbiodistribution showed excellent tumor uptake of LS301.

The preceding description is given for clearness of understanding only.No unnecessary limitations should be understood from it, asmodifications within the disclosure scope may be apparent to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. Throughout the specification, wherecompositions are described as including components or materials, it iscontemplated that the compositions can also consist essentially of, orconsist of, any combination of the recited components or materials,unless described otherwise. Likewise, where methods are described asincluding steps, it is contemplated that the methods can also consistessentially of, or consist of, any combination of the recited steps,unless described otherwise. The disclosure illustratively disclosedherein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or stepwhich is not specifically disclosed herein.

The practice of a method disclosed herein, and individual steps thereof,can be performed manually and/or with the aid of or automation providedby electronic equipment. Although processes have been describedconcerning embodiments, a person of ordinary skill in the art willreadily appreciate that other ways of performing the acts for themethods may be used. For example, the order of various of the steps maybe changed without departing from the scope or spirit of the methodunless described otherwise. Also, some of the individual steps can becombined, omitted, or further subdivided into additional steps.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination. All combinations of the embodiments of thechemical groups represented by the variables contained within thegeneric chemical formulae described herein are specifically embraced bythe present invention just as if each combination was individuallyexplicitly recited, to the extent that such combinations embrace stablecompounds (i.e., compounds that can be isolated, characterized andtested for biological activity). Also, all subcombinations of thechemical groups listed in the embodiments describing such variables, aswell as all subcombinations of uses and medical indications describedherein, are specifically embraced by the present invention just as ifeach subcombination of chemical groups and subcombination of uses andmedical indications was individually and explicitly recited herein.

All patents, publications, and references cited herein are fullyincorporated by reference. In case of conflict between the presentdisclosure and incorporated patents, publications, and references, thepresent disclosure should control.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A lyophilized product comprising a dye-conjugatechosen from cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH (LS301),cypate-Cyclo(Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Tyr-OH (LS838) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each amino acidresidue is independently in a D or L configuration, and albumin, whereinthe dye-conjugate and the albumin are in a 1:50 (w/w) ratio.
 21. Thelyophilized product of claim 20, wherein the albumin is chosen fromhuman serum albumin, mouse serum albumin, and bovine serum albumin 22.The lyophilized product of claim 20, formed by a method comprisingsuspending the dye-conjugate in 1% albumin solution at a ratio of 1 gramof dye-conjugate per 10 liters of the albumin solution; mixing thesuspension; filtering the mixed suspension; and lyophilizing thefiltered suspension to form the lyophilized product.
 23. The lyophilizedproduct of claim 22, wherein the suspension is mixed on a shaker of atleast about 30 minutes.
 24. The lyophilized product of claim 22, thedye-conjugate and albumin concentration in the suspension are measuredvia absorbance.
 25. A vial comprising about 102 mg of the lyophilizedproduct of claim
 20. 26. An injectable solution comprising about 102 mgof the lyophilized product of claim 20 and about 10 mL ofphosphate-buffered saline.
 27. The injectable solution of claim 26,comprising about 0.2 mg/mL dye-conjugate.
 28. A method of preparing aninjectable solution, the method comprising mixing about 10 mL ofphosphate-buffered saline into a vial comprising about 102 mg of thelyophilized product of claim 20 to form an injectable solutioncomprising about 0.2 mg/mL dye-conjugate.
 29. A method for identifyingcompromised fibroblasts, comprising administering an effective amount ofa lyophilized product claim 20 to a subject in need thereof.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the compromised fibroblasts are proximal todormant cancer cells.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the dormantcancer cells are chosen from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloidleukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-relatedlymphoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytomas (childhoodcerebellar or cerebral), basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladdercancer, bone cancer, brainstem glioma, brain tumors (cerebellarastrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, ependymoma,medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, visualpathway and hypothalamic gliomas, breast cancer, bronchialadenomas/carcinoids, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumors (childhood,gastrointestinal), carcinoma of unknown primary, central nervous systemlymphoma (primary), cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebralastrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers,chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,desmoplastic small round cell tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma,esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma in the Ewing family of tumors,extracranial germ cell tumor (childhood), extragonadal germ cell tumor,extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancers (intraocular melanoma,retinoblastoma), gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer,gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, germcell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal, ovarian), gestationaltrophoblastic tumor, gliomas (adult, childhood brain stem, childhoodcerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic),gastric carcinoid, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer,hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer,hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma (childhood), intraocularmelanoma, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer (renalcell cancer), laryngeal cancer, leukemias (acute lymphoblastic, acutemyeloid, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, hairy cell), lip andoral cavity cancer, liver cancer (primary), lung cancers (non-smallcell, small cell), lymphomas (AIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell,Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, primary central nervous system), macroglobulinemia(Waldenström), malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma,medulloblastoma (childhood), melanoma, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, mesotheliomas (adult malignant, childhood), metastaticsquamous neck cancer with occult primary, mouth cancer, multipleendocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood), multiple myeloma/plasma cellneoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes,myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia(chronic), myeloid leukemias (adult acute, childhood acute), multiplemyeloma, myeloproliferative disorders (chronic), nasal cavity andparanasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer,oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma ofbone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer (surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor), ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer (isletcell), paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer,penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal astrocytoma,pineal germinoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood), pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasia, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (kidneycancer), renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood), salivary gland cancer,sarcoma (Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, uterine), Sézarysyndrome, skin cancers (nonmelanoma, melanoma), skin carcinoma (Merkelcell), small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissuesarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occultprimary (metastatic), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood), T-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous),testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma (childhood), thymoma andthymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer (childhood),transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastictumor (gestational), unknown primary site (adult, childhood), ureter andrenal pelvis transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer(endometrial), uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway andhypothalamic glioma (childhood), vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumor (childhood).
 32. The method of claim30, wherein the dormant cancer cells are pancreatic cancer.
 33. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the pharmaceutical composition isadministered intravenously.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is administered topically.
 35. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the topical administration is to the subject's colon.36. A method of binding phosphorylated annexin A2 (pANXA2) protein in abiological sample comprising contacting the biological sample with alyophilized product of claim
 20. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein thebinding is selective over annexin A1 (ANXA1), non-activated ANXA2, andannexin A3 (ANXA3).
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein tumor margins ofcancer are defined.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the accuracy ofcancer resection is improved during surgery.
 40. The method of claim 36,wherein cancer is treated simultaneously from the periphery and interiorcore of a tumor.
 41. The method of claim 36, wherein the cancer ischosen from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia,adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-related lymphoma,anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytomas (childhood cerebellar orcerebral), basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bonecancer, brainstem glioma, brain tumors (cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebralastrocytoma/malignant glioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma,supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, visual pathway andhypothalamic gliomas, breast cancer, bronchial adenomas/carcinoids,Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumors (childhood, gastrointestinal),carcinoma of unknown primary, central nervous system lymphoma (primary),cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervicalcancer, childhood cancers, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronicmyelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, coloncancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor,endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma inthe Ewing family of tumors, extracranial germ cell tumor (childhood),extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancers(intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma), gallbladder cancer, gastric(stomach) cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinalstromal tumor, germ cell tumors (childhood extracranial, extragonadal,ovarian), gestational trophoblastic tumor, gliomas (adult, childhoodbrain stem, childhood cerebral astrocytoma, childhood visual pathway andhypothalamic), gastric carcinoid, hairy cell leukemia, head and neckcancer, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngealcancer, hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma (childhood), intraocularmelanoma, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer (renalcell cancer), laryngeal cancer, leukemias (acute lymphoblastic, acutemyeloid, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, hairy cell), lip andoral cavity cancer, liver cancer (primary), lung cancers (non-smallcell, small cell), lymphomas (AIDS-related, Burkitt, cutaneous T-cell,Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, primary central nervous system), macroglobulinemia(Waldenström), malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone/osteosarcoma,medulloblastoma (childhood), melanoma, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, mesotheliomas (adult malignant, childhood), metastaticsquamous neck cancer with occult primary, mouth cancer, multipleendocrine neoplasia syndrome (childhood), multiple myeloma/plasma cellneoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes,myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, myelogenous leukemia(chronic), myeloid leukemias (adult acute, childhood acute), multiplemyeloma, myeloproliferative disorders (chronic), nasal cavity andparanasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer,oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma ofbone, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer (surfaceepithelial-stromal tumor), ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian lowmalignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer (isletcell), paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer,penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal astrocytoma,pineal germinoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors (childhood), pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasia, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (kidneycancer), renal pelvis and ureter transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (childhood), salivary gland cancer,sarcoma (Ewing family of tumors, Kaposi, soft tissue, uterine), Sézarysyndrome, skin cancers (nonmelanoma, melanoma), skin carcinoma (Merkelcell), small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissuesarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer with occultprimary (metastatic), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (childhood), T-Cell lymphoma (cutaneous),testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma (childhood), thymoma andthymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer (childhood),transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, trophoblastictumor (gestational), unknown primary site (adult, childhood), ureter andrenal pelvis transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer(endometrial), uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway andhypothalamic glioma (childhood), vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumor (childhood).